References PRIF Spotlight 06/2024

Spotlight 6/2024: The Limits of Autonomy. Critically Assessing Factors Limiting Full Autonomy of Military Uncrewed Ground Vehicles

by Liska Suckau | To the publication

1 https://www.politico.eu/article/robots-coming-ukraine-testing-ground-ai-artificial-intelligence-powered-combat-war-russia/ 

2 https://warontherocks.com/2024/04/will-fearless-and-tireless-robots-lead-to-more-terrifying-wars/ 

3 Robertson, N. (09.07.24). Ukraine industry chief sees bumper year for land-based drones. DefenseNews. https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2024/07/09/ukraine-industry-chief-sees-bumper-year-for-land-based-drones/ 

4 Watling, J. (2023). The Arms of the Future: Technology and Close Combat in the Twenty-First Century (1st ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350352995 

5 https://defence-network.com/nato-finanziert-roboter-start-up-arx-robotics/ 

6 https://www.wired.com/story/european-commission-military-tech-spending/ 

7 Ma, F., Qi, W., Zhao, G., Zheng, L., Wang, S., Liu, Y., & Liu, M. (2024). Monocular 3D lane detection for Autonomous Driving: Recent Achievements, Challenges, and Outlooks. https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2404.06860 

8 Butt, M. Z., Nasir, N., & A. Rashid, R. B. (2024). A review of perception sensors, techniques, and hardware architectures for autonomous low-altitude UAVs in non-cooperative local obstacle avoidance. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 173, 104629-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2024.104629 

9 https://opiniojuris.org/2024/04/04/symposium-on-military-ai-and-the-law-of-armed-conflict-human-machine-interaction-in-the-military-domain-and-the-responsible-ai-framework/ 

10 Bode, I. (2023). Practice-based and public-deliberative normativity: Retaining human control over the use of force. European Journal of International Relations, 29(4), 990–1016. https://doi.org/10.1177/13540661231163392

11 Schneider, J., & Macdonald, J. (2023). Looking back to look forward: Autonomous systems, military revolutions, and the importance of cost. Journal of Strategic Studies, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2022.2164570

12 https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j3016_202104

13 Wang, D., Ding, S., Abdel-Aty, M., Barbour, N., Wang, Z., & Zheng, O. (2023). Exploratory analysis of injury severity under different levels of driving automation (SAE Level 2-5) using multi-source data. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2824465/v1

14 https://www.defensenews.com/unmanned/2024/06/17/robot-craze-in-russia-ukraine-war-shines-light-on-their-drawbacks/?utm_source=sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=dfn-unmanned 

15 https://hcss.nl/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Robotic-and-Autonomous-Systems-From-design-to-development-and-use-in-military-operations-Final.pdf

16 Kascha, M., & Henze, R. (2023). Modular Decision Making Framework for Level 4 Applications in Automated Driving. 2023 29th International Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice (M2VIP), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/M2VIP58386.2023.10413428

17 Badue, C., Guidolini, R., Carneiro, R. V., Azevedo, P., Cardoso, V. B., Forechi, A., Jesus, L., Berriel, R., Paixão, T. M., Mutz, F., De Paula Veronese, L., Oliveira-Santos, T., & De Souza, A. F. (2021). Self-driving cars: A survey. Expert Systems with Applications, 165, 113816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113816

18 Ihssane, B., Walid, J., & Nabil, E. A. (2023, May). Self-Driving Cars Perception Pedestrian Detection. In International Conference on Electrical Systems & Automation (pp. 207-214). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.

19 https://www.airandspaceforces.com/russian-gps-jamming-nato-ukraine/ 

20 https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidhambling/2024/01/03/kalashnikov-unveils-jam-proof-attack-drone/ 

21 https://www.enforcetac.com/de-de/aussteller-produkte/d/diehl-defence/ziesel 

22 https://idw-online.de/de/news837049; https://www.rheinmetall.com/de/media/news-watch/news/2022/2022-11-08_forschungsvorhaben-interroc 

23 https://www.economist.com/europe/2024/07/22/vadym-sukharevsky-the-man-in-charge-of-ukraines-drones

24 https://breakingdefense-com.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/breakingdefense.com/2024/07/frustrations-mount-over-armys-robotic-combat-vehicle-autonomy-acquisition-approach/?amp=1: 

25 Horowitz, M. C., & Pindyck, S. (2023). What is a military innovation and why it matters. Journal of Strategic Studies, 46(1), 85–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2022.2038572 

26 Gould, L.; Arentze, L. & Hoijtink, M. (2024) Assembling the Future of Warfare: Innovating Swarm Technology within the Dutch Military-Industrial-Commercial Complex. In Sweijs, T., & Michaels, J. H. (2024). Beyond Ukraine: Debating the Future of War (1st ed.). C. Hurst and Company (Publishers) Limited.; Troath, S. (2024). Trusting technology to wage war: The politics of trust and ethics in the development of robotics, autonomous systems, and artificial intelligence. Critical Military Studies, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2024.2362074