| 2026
Deitelhoff, Nicole; Wolff, Jonas; Niemeier, Thies (2026): Global Polarization: How International and Domestic Polarization Shape Global Politics, PRIF Working Paper, 74, Frankfurt/M .
Polarization is a prominent concept in Comparative Politics and is widely used in the debate on contemporary threats to democracy and social cohesion. So far, however, scholars in International Relations (IR) have refrained from systematically thinking about polarization at the international level (international polarization) and its interplay with domestic polarization (global polarization). In this paper, we introduce the concept of international polarization to contribute to filling this gap. Applying the concept and theory of polarization as established in Comparative Politics to the sphere of international politics, we conceptualize international polarization as the intensification of perceived ideological and affective differences between states or groups of states. More specifically, we propose that it is important for IR to take polarization seriously if we are to understand the significant global shifts we are currently witnessing, including the deepening crisis of international institutions. This paper reviews the (lack of) IR engagement with polarization, develops a conceptualization and theory of international polarization and presents preliminary empirical evidence suggesting that polarization should be considered as an important feature of contemporary world politics.