References PRIF Spotlight 01/2025

by Tom Lord and Patrick Flamm | To the publication

¹ The Economist 2024: Intrigue, greed and hostility burn in the Antarctic, www.economist.com/international/2024/10/31/intrigue-greed-and-hostility-burn-in-the-antarctic. 

²  Feiger, Leah & Wilson, Mara 2020: The Countries Taking Advantage of Antarctica During the Pandemic, in: The Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/05/antarctica-great-power-competition-australia-united-states-britain-russia-china-arctic/611674/.

³  Coates, Ashley 2017: Geopolitics threatens Antarctica's future as a peaceful hub for science, in: The Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/geopolitics-threats-antarctica-future-as-peaceful-hub-for-science-oild-mining-land-grab-territorial-claims-a7622721.html.

⁴ Lambie, Jackie 2023: Australian Antarctic Division, Commonwealth of Australia Parliamentary debate, Senate, https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Hansard/Hansard_Display?bid=chamber/hansards/27120/&sid=0212.

⁵ Black, Marigold et al. 2023: Antarctica at Risk: Geostrategic Manoeuvring and the Future of the Antarctic Treaty System, RAND Australia, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA2465-1.html.

⁶ Jardine, Samuel & Clack, Timothy 2023: ‘Geopolitics and security in a changing Antarctic’ in Climate Change, Conflict, and (In)security: Hot War. T. Clack, Z. Meral & L. Selisny (eds.), 2024. Abingdon: Routledge. 

⁷  The Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) refers to a number of international agreements that collectively make up the Antarctic governance regime.

⁸  Flamm, Patrick 2023: Is Antarctica Still Exceptional?. The Case for “Co-opetition” at the South Pole, PRIF Spotlight, 5, Frankfurt/M. DOI: 10.48809/prifspot2305

⁹  Weber, Max 1958: ‘Politics as a vocation’ in From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, ed. H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958), pp. 120–6.

¹⁰ Boulègue, Mathieu 2022: Russia and China in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean: Implications for the Five Eyes, Sea Power Centre Australia, https://seapower.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-03/Russia%20and%20China%20in%20Antarctica%20and%20the%20Southern%20Ocean.pdf. 

¹¹ Young, Claire 2024: As China’s space technology advances, Antarctica’s relevance may be frozen out, The Interpreter, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/china-s-space-technology-advances-antarctica-s-relevance-may-be-frozen-out. 

¹² Article VII of the Antarctic Treaty provides that states may designate observers to carry out inspections of any station, installation or equipment in any area of Antarctica, including ships and aircraft.

¹³  The only concern regarding dual-use technology raised to date involved the German Antarctic Receiving Station (GARS) O’Higgins, where observers noted that GARS staff did not know the end clients of the satellite data received (which therefor may have been for military purposes). Following the inspection, the Germany Aerospace Centre clarified that the station does not process data for military purposes. See Antarctic Treaty Inspections Programme Report 2014-15 | United Kingdom and Czech Republic.

¹⁴ Hemmings 2020: p. 191.

¹⁵ Black, Marigold et al. 2023: Antarctica at Risk: Geostrategic Manoeuvring and the Future of the Antarctic Treaty System, RAND Australia, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA2465-1.html.

¹⁶ See, for example, Nyman, Elizabeth 2017: Contemporary Security Concerns, in: Klaus Dodds, Alan D. Hemmings, and Peder Roberts (Eds.), Handbook on the Politics of Antarctica, p. 571-583. Cheltenham: Edgar Elgar Publishing.

¹⁷ Black, Marigold & Dortmans, Peter 2022: Not so quiet on the Southern Front, The Interpreter, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/not-so-quiet-southern-front. 

¹⁸ This convention was abandoned in the early 1990s in favour of an Environmental Protocol that banned mining on the continent indefinitely.

¹⁹ Parliament of Australia 2025: Joint Standing Committee on the National Capital and External Territories Report on the Inquiry into the Importance of Antarctica to Australia's National Interests, p. 27, https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/committees/reportjnt/RB000360/toc_pdf/Australia'sAntarcticTerritory.pdf.

²⁰ Leonard, Mark 2021: The rule-maker race, European Council on Foreign Relations, https://ecfr.eu/article/the-rule-maker-race/ 

²¹ Flamm, Patrick 2021: An unlikely partnership? New Zealand–South Korea bilateral cooperation and Antarctic order, Polar Record, 57: 4 . DOI: 10.1017/S0032247420000479

²² Orchard, Phil and Wiener, Antje (eds.), Contesting the World: Norm Research in Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2024.

²³  Antarctic Treaty Secretariat 2025: Liability Arising from Environmental Emergencies, https://www.ats.aq/e/liability.html. 

²⁴ Flamm, Patrick 2023: Is Antarctica Still Exceptional?. The Case for “Co-opetition” at the South Pole, PRIF Spotlight, 5, Frankfurt/M. DOI: 10.48809/prifspot2305

²⁵ Bloom, Evan T. 2024: The Continuing Value of Consensus-Based Decision-Making in the Antarctic Treaty System, Polar Institute at the Wilson Center, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/continuing-value-consensus-based-decision-making-antarctic-treaty-system.